Types Of Retirement Plans, What You Should Know For Your Future Financial Security
There're different types of retirement plans - government-sponsored plans, personal plans, annuities and employer-sponsored plans.
What's the point of knowing all these plans?
This is because your employer’s retirement savings plan is important for your future financial security. You should understand how your plan works and what benefits you'll receive. And it's in your best interest to keep track of your retirement benefits too.
Let's look at these different types of retirement plans.
1. Government-Sponsored Plans
Social Security plan is the best example in this category.
2. Personal Plans
Individual Retirement Agreement or IRA is the most well-known example. They can come in different types according to their tax treatments.
3. Annuities
These are contracts established with an insurance company. They can be fixed and variable annuities .
4. Employer-Sponsored Plans
2 types - qualified and non-qualified retirement plans.
I. Qualified Retirement Plans
These plans meet the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) requirements and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) requirements.
They offer several tax benefits such as allowing employers to deduct annual allowable contributions for each participant of the plan; contributions and earnings on those contributions are tax-deferred until each participant withdraw them and each participant can even further defer some of the taxes through a transfer into a different type of IRA.
You can go for these qualified plans:
(A) Defined Benefit (DB) Plans
These are company retirement plans like pension plans, in which a retired employee receives a specific amount based on salary history and years of service, and in which the employer bears the investment risk.
The employee, the employer, or both may contribute to the plan.
Examples of DB plans:
a. Pensions
They're a type of retirement plan that guarantees a specific amount to be paid out to the employee when he/she retires. The amount is calculated based on an employee's salary, years of service and a fixed percentage rate.
The Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC), a federal agency, covers employer-sponsored pension plans.
Eligibility for the plan depends on a company's policy. Some companies require their employees to serve for a certain period of time before they can become eligible for a pension plan. If an employee leaves the job, the pension plan stays with the previous employer.
b. Annuities
They're retirement plans that have fixed monthly payments at the age of retirement. You can't transfer the annuities into an IRA account, hence the amount is taxed as regular income the year you receive it.
(B) Defined Contribution (DC) Plans
These plans allow the employer and/or employee to make contributions, so that the final benefits depend on how much is in the account and the rate earned by the account's investments. Each participant needs to set up his/her own individual account in the plan.
The government doesn't guarantee a participant's pension benefits. Instead, the plan allows employees to decide on the investment, based on the employer's options.
Some examples of DC plans:
a. Profit Sharing Plan
It allows an employer each year to determine how much to contribute to the plan (out of profits or otherwise) in cash or employer stock. The plan contains a formula for allocating the annual contribution among the participants.
b. 401k Plan
An employee can make contributions from his/her paycheck before taxes are taken out. The contributions go into a 401k account, with the employee often choosing the investments based on options provided under the plan.
In some plans, the employer also makes contributions, matching the employee’s contributions up to a certain percentage.
c. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
The employer contributes shares of the company's stock to employees in return for special tax benefits.
d.Stock bonus plan
It's a type of profit sharing plan, where contributions are made in the form of company stock.
II. Non-qualified Retirement Plans
These plans don't meet the IRC or ERISA requirements. Employers fund these plans. They're more flexible but don't have the tax benefits qualified plans have. Upon your retirement, your employer pay you the benefits (in the form of annuities) which are taxed as ordinary income tax, or in lump sum payments, which you can transfer into an IRA to defer taxes.
An example is the 457 plan.
This plan aims at state and local government employees of tax-exempt organizations. Your contributions and earnings are tax-deferred until you withdraw them.
Distributions start upon your retirement but you can also take distributions if you change jobs or if you've an emergency.You can choose to take distributions in one lump sum, in annual installments or as an annuity. Distributions are subject to ordinary income taxes and you can't transfer the amounts into an IRA.
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