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Sam Vaknin's Articles in Psychology

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Intuition Intuition is supposed to be a form of direct access. Yet, direct access to what? The Shattered Identity Dan has no recollection of being Dan. Dan does not remember murdering Jack. It seems as though Dan's very identity has been erased. Yet, Dan is in sound mind and can tell right from wrong. Should Dan be held (morally and, as a result, perhaps legally as well) accountable for Jack's murder? Misdiagnosing Narcissism - Asperger's Disorder Asperger's Disorder is often misdiagnosed as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), though evident as early as age 3 (while pathological narcissism cannot be safely diagnosed prior to early adolescence). The Roots of Pedophilia Pedophiles are attracted to prepubescent children and act on their sexual fantasies. It is a startling fact that the etiology of this paraphilia is unknown. The Psychology of Torture There is one place in which one's privacy, intimacy, integrity and inviolability are guaranteed – one's body, a unique temple and a familiar territory of sensa and personal history. The torturer invades, defiles and desecrates this shrine. The Narcissist as Eternal Child "Puer Aeternus" – the eternal adolescent, the semipternal Peter pan – is a phenomenon often associated with pathological narcissism. People who refuse to grow up strike others as self-centred and aloof, petulant and brattish, haughty and demanding – in short: as childish or infantile. Misdiagnosing Narcissism - Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Anxiety Disorders – and especially Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) – are often misdiagnosed as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). On Empathy Empathy is predicated upon and must, therefore, incorporate the following elements: Imagination which is dependent on the ability to imagine; The existence of an accessible Self (self-awareness or self-consciousness); The existence of an available other (other-awareness, recognizing the outside world); The existence of accessible feelings, desires, ideas and representations of actions or their outcomes both in the empathizing Self ("Empathor") and in the Other, the object of empathy ("Empathee"); The availability of an aesthetic frame of reference; The availability of a moral frame of reference. In Defense of Psychoanalysis No social theory has been more influential and, later, more reviled than psychoanalysis. The Revolution of Psychoanalysis Towards the end of the 19th century, the new discipline of psychology became entrenched in both Europe and America. The study of the human mind, hitherto a preserve of philosophers and theologians, became a legitimate subject of scientific (some would say, pseudo-scientific) scrutiny. The Fundamentals of Psychological Theories All theories - scientific or not - start with a problem. They aim to solve it by proving that what appears to be "problematic" is not. They re-state the conundrum, or introduce new data, new variables, a new classification, or new organizing principles. Critique and Defense of Psychoanalysis Harold Bloom called Freud "The central imagination of our age". That psychoanalysis is not a scientific theory in the strict, rigorous sense of the word has long been established. The Intermittent Explosive Narcissist Narcissists invariably react with narcissistic rage to narcissistic injury. Pathological Narcissism, Psychosis, and Delusions One of the most important symptoms of pathological narcissism (the Narcissistic Personality Disorder) is grandiosity. Grandiose fantasies (megalomaniac delusions of grandeur) permeate every aspect of the narcissist's personality. The Narcissist's Confabulated Life Confabulations are an important part of life. They serve to heal emotional wounds or to prevent ones from being inflicted in the first place. They prop-up the confabulator's self-esteem, regulate his (or her) sense of self-worth, and buttress his (or her) self-image. They serve as organizing principles in social interactions. Serial Killers Countess Erszebet Bathory was a breathtakingly beautiful, unusually well-educated woman, married to a descendant of Vlad Dracula of Bram Stoker fame. The Pathology of Love Recent studies buttress the unpalatable truth that falling in love is, in some ways, indistinguishable from a severe pathology. Behavior changes are reminiscent of psychosis and, biochemically speaking, passionate love closely imitates substance abuse. The Habit of Identity In a famous experiment, students were asked to take a lemon home and to get used to it. Three days later, they were able to single out "their" lemon from a pile of rather similar ones. They seemed to have bonded. Is this the true meaning of love, bonding, coupling? Do we simply get used to other human beings, pets, or objects? Is Psychology a Science? All theories - scientific or not - start with a problem. They aim to solve it by proving that what appears to be "problematic" is not. They re-state the conundrum, or introduce new data, new variables, a new classification, or new organizing principles. What is Personality? Laymen often confuse and confute "personality" with "character" and "temperament". The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) - Pros and Cons The DSM is categorical. It states that personality disorders are "qualitatively distinct clinical syndromes" The Construct of Normal Personality What constitutes normal behavior? Who is normal? Narcissism and Personality Disorders Are all personality disorders the outcomes of frustrated narcissism? Diagnosing Personality Disorders Personality traits are enduring, usually rigid patterns of behavior, thinking (cognition), and emoting expressed in a variety of circumstances and situations and throughout one's life (typically from early adolescence onward). Common Features of Personality Disorders Patients suffering from personality disorders have these things in common Cluster B Personality Disorders In the DSM, there are 10 distinct personality disorders. Axes of Personality Disorders Personality disorders are like tips of icebergs. They rest on a foundation of causes and effects, interactions and events, emotions and cognitions, functions and dysfunctions that together form the patient and make him or her what s/he is. MMPI-II Test The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), composed by Hathaway (a psychologist) and McKinley (a physician) is the outcome of decades of research into personality disorders. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Clinical Features Clinical Features of the Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcissist vs. Psychopath We all heard the terms "psychopath" or "sociopath". These are the old names for a patient with the Antisocial Personality Disorder (AsPD).
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